Punishment in hell typically corresponds to sins committed during life. Punishment Preserved colonial wall paintings of 1802 depicting Hell, by Tadeo Escalante, inside the Church of San Juan Bautista in Huaro, Peru A fable about hell which recurs in folklore across several cultures is the allegory of the long spoons. It is commonly inhabited by demons and the souls of dead people. Hell appears in several mythologies and religions. The compound is a compound of * xaljō (discussed above) and * wītjan (reconstructed from forms such as Old English witt 'right mind, wits', Old Saxon gewit 'understanding', and Gothic un-witi 'foolishness, understanding'). Proto–Germanic * xalja-wītjan (or * halja-wītjan) is reconstructed from Old Norse hel-víti 'hell', Old English helle-wíte 'hell-torment, hell', Old Saxon helli-wīti 'hell', and the Middle High German feminine noun helle-wīze. The second element in the Gothic haliurunnae may however instead be an agent noun from the verb rinnan ("to run, go"), which would make its literal meaning "one who travels to the netherworld". The compound is composed of two elements: * xaljō (* haljō) and * rūnō, the Proto-Germanic precursor to Modern English rune. This form is reconstructed from the Latinized Gothic plural noun * haliurunnae (attested by Jordanes according to philologist Vladimir Orel, meaning ' witches'), Old English helle-rúne ('sorceress, necromancer', according to Orel), and Old High German helli-rūna 'magic'. Related early Germanic terms and concepts include Proto-Germanic * xalja-rūnō(n), a feminine compound noun, and * xalja-wītjan, a neutral compound noun. Upon the Christianization of the Germanic peoples, extensions of the Proto-Germanic * xaljō were reinterpreted to denote the underworld in Christian mythology (see Gehenna). Indo-European cognates include Latin cēlāre ("to hide", related to the English word cellar) and early Irish ceilid ("hides"). In turn, the Proto-Germanic form derives from the o-grade form of the Proto-Indo-European root * kel-, * kol-: 'to cover, conceal, save'. All forms ultimately derive from the reconstructed Proto-Germanic feminine noun * xaljō or * haljō ('concealed place, the underworld'). The word has cognates in all branches of the Germanic languages, including Old Norse hel (which refers to both a location and goddess-like being in Norse mythology), Old Frisian helle, Old Saxon hellia, Old High German hella, and Gothic halja. The modern English word hell is derived from Old English hel, helle (first attested around 725 AD to refer to a nether world of the dead) reaching into the Anglo-Saxon pagan period. Overview Etymology Hel (1889) by Johannes Gehrts, depicts the Old Norse Hel, a goddess-like figure, in the location of the same name, which she oversees The ancient Mesopotamian, Greek, Roman, and Finnic religions include entrances to the underworld from the land of the living. Such places are sometimes equated with the English word hell, though a more correct translation would be "underworld" or "world of the dead". Other religions, which do not conceive of the afterlife as a place of punishment or reward, merely describe an abode of the dead, the grave, a neutral place that is located under the surface of Earth (for example, see Kur, Hades, and Sheol). Other afterlife destinations include heaven, paradise, purgatory, limbo, and the underworld. Religions typically locate hell in another dimension or under Earth's surface. Religions with a linear divine history often depict hells as eternal destinations, the biggest examples of which are Christianity and Islam, whereas religions with reincarnation usually depict a hell as an intermediary period between incarnations, as is the case in the dharmic religions. In religion and folklore, hell is a location or state in the afterlife in which souls are subjected to punitive suffering, most often through torture, as eternal punishment after death. Medieval illustration of Hell in the Hortus deliciarum manuscript of Herrad of Landsberg (about 1180) Hell – detail from a fresco in the medieval church of St Nicholas in Raduil, Bulgaria Belief in Hell by country (2017–2020) ( June 2023) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations.
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